Wordsworth, Social Reform Literature, and Politics of the 1790s Essay

Wordsworth, Social Reform Literature, and Politics of the 1790sThe historical mix of social fictions in England and France at the nullify of the 1780s greatly impacted the literature of the period. Tom Paines The Rights of Man (1791) and Edmund Burkes Reflections on the Revolution in France (1791) were the two most widely read works that spurred a disco biscuit long debate on how the nation of England was to be governed and by whom. As a young man during this period, William Wordsworth formed part of the circle of writers who fought for the Republican energise of democracy and its ideals. Similar to the poet William Cowper, Wordsworths early poetry contributed to a larger framework of social reform literature that the publisher Joseph Johnson promoted throughout his career from the late 1770s until his destruction in 1809.Some of Wordsworths early prose works mark what he was to later reflect upon in his poem, Lines Written a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye During a Tour, 13 July 1798. Tintern Abbey reminds Wordsworths readers of the solitude and sad perplexity (61) that its author experiences five years after his dreams of a democratic republic and love for Annette Vallon are dashed by Frances Reign of Terror and war with England. He recounts Five years have passed five summers, with the length Of five long winters . . . . . . . And so I dare to hope, though changed, no doubt, from what I was when first I bounded oer these hills, . . . Flying from something that he dreads than one Who sought the thing he loved. (1-2, 66-67, 72-73)1Tintern suggests Wordsworths wish to move beyond the sentiments and views he once held, as reflected in his unpublishe... ... a friend of Benjamin Franklin, Joseph Priestley, and Horne Tooke Mary Wollstonecraft listened to Prices occasional political sermons, and was influenced by his view that all people were entitle to equal education. Todd, Janet. Mary Wollstonecraft A Re volutionary Life. London Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 2000 59-61.4. Edmund Burke. Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), in, Paul Keen, (ed. compiler). Reading (at) the Limit of the Bourgeois Public Sphere. Burnaby Simon Fraser University Publishing, 1999 145.5. Ibid, 147.6. Tom Paine is referring to William the Conqueror, quoted by E. P. Thompson in, The Making of the English Working Class. Middlesex Penguin Books Ltd., 1963 94-95.7. Ibid, 94.8. Christopher Hill. The Norman Yoke, in Intellectual Origins of the English Revolution Revisited. New York Oxford University Press, 1997 361.

Changes In History :: essays research papers

In the historical process there have been many an(prenominal) changes for the advancement of society. Greece, Europe, and Italy all went through radical changes. Their new styles and remarkable advances led them through the Classical and Renaissance periods.Greece was referred to as Classical Greece during the period of Greek write up between 500 B.C.E and 338 B.C.E. This was considered to be a time of brilliant achievement. The Greek culture was certainly changed over this time. The History of the Persian Wars was a work that was considered the first gear piece if real history in Western Civilization.      Many great historians came out of Greece during this time period. Thucydides was one of these great historians. One of his greatest achievements was the History of the Peloponnesian War. Another point to be made approximately Thucydides was his insight into the gay condition. He stated, "It will be enough for me, however, if those who want to understa nd clearly the events which happened in the past and which (human nature being what it is) will, at some time or another, and in much the same ways, be repeated in the future. Other changes came about in Greece during this time. The Greeks introduced drama. The origins remain to be unclear, but historians believe that it was developed from religious rituals. Tragedy was also intended to educate individuals as well as look on them. Greek tragedies dealt with problems such as the nature of good and evil, the conflict between spiritual values, and the demands of the state or family, the nature of the divine forces, and the nature of human beings. The humanities were also going through changes during the Classical Greece period. The standards established by the Greeks were dominated throughout the Western world. Classical Greek art usually portrayed human beings as the subjects and represented them as objects of great beauty. Greece was not the only place that went through changes. Eu rope went through a Renaissance period, or a transition of learning. Education was provided for the clergy and government officials. The strong will for learning led to a revivification among the people.Compared to Greece, Europe did not undergo as many changes education and the revival of classical studies were the most important. There was an attempt to assimilate and preserve Latin and early Christian culture. Monks were required to copy manuscripts. The practice of scriptoria was introduced during this time.

Satan :: essays research papers

Apple has two lawsuits pending that involve rumor-tracking Web sites. In Apple Computer v. Doe No. 1, et al. (or Apple v. Does for short), the comp each is suing up to 25 unnamed individuals for misappropriation of trade secretsspecifically, leaking Apples confidential teaching about an unreleased audio product code-named Asteroid to Think Secret, AppleInsider, and Jason OGradys PowerPage.As part of the discovery process, Apple obtained subpoenas for all three sites for any and all information related to Asteroid, including the identity of all people who leaked the information, or communications that might reveal said identities. None of the sites is a defendant in the Does suit, though Apple has made clear that they could be named as defendants if evidence shows that they knowingly published Apples trade secrets (and Think Secret is a defendant in a second lawsuit not related to Asteroid).Both Think Secret and AppleInsider have their own e-mail service, so obtaining information ab out their e-mail records and messages would require subpoenaing the sites themselves, invoking difficulties about journalist privileges. When Apple learned that PowerPage used an external e-mail provider, the companys legal team found its path of least resistance. Nfox has gone beyond refusal to contest the subpoenathe ISP refused to promise OGrady that it would not comply with the subpoena before appeals were exhausted. Thats when the electronic Frontier Foundation, representing the three sites, went to court seeking a protective site on OGradys behalf to prevent Nfox from turning over the information to Apple.On work on 4, lawyers for Apple and for the three subpoenaed sites met in the San Jose courtroom of Superior Court Judge James P. Kleinberg. They were arguing over the sites motion for a protective order barring Nfox from honoring Apples subpoenas. It was an uphill battle, because one day earlier, Judge Kleinberg tentatively ruled in Apples favor.On March 11, the Judge form alized his preliminary decision, denying the motion for the protective order, leaving Nfox free to honor Apples subpoenas and turn over all information from OGradys e-mail related to Asteroid, including that which may identify the person who sent it to the sites. In the 13-page ruling, Kleinberg essentially told the three sites (the ones who moved to have the subpoenas quashed, hence their reference as movants in the decision) that their status as journalists does not matterif they had Pulitzer Prizes, theyd still have to honor the subpoenas.Trade Secrets

Mending Wall by Robert Frost Essay -- Mending Wall Robert Frost Poem E

Mending Wall by Robert Frost Mending Wall by Robert Frost is a poem in which the characteristics of vocabulary, cps and other aspects of poetic technique combine in a fashion that articulates, in detail, the experience and the opposing convictions that the poem describes and discusses. The ordinariness of the rural activity is presented in specific description, and as so often is found in Frosts poems, the unprepossessing undertaking has ofttimes larger implications. Yet his consideration of these does not disturb the qualities of accessible language and technique, which give the poem its unique flavor and persuasiveness. The poem works on two levels of realism and metaphor, with a balance as poised as the act of mending the all itself.(themes) Perhaps one of the reasons that Frost remains one the best known and best loved American poets is that his themes are universal and attractive. They offer the reader affirmative resolutions for the conflicts dramatized in his life and his p oetry. Readers, whether young or old, waging their own struggles against the constant threat of chaos in their life, mother comfort and encouragement in many of Frosts lines which are so cherished that they have become familiar quotations Good fences make replete(p) neighbors, Miles to go before I sleep.(theme) Mending Wall is about boundaries. Frost, in a personal evaluation of this poem stated, Nationality is something I couldnt live without. I played exactly fair in it. Twice I say Good fences, twice I say Something there is. While giving a reading of his poetry in Santa Fe, Frost called the Mending Wall too New Englandish and that mending wall is an occupation he used to follow. The neighbor in the poem is not a Yankee as represented, but is actually A French-Canadian who was very particular every spring about setting up the wall.(theme/subject) Frost often stated that he felt spoken to by temperament. He called these incidents nature favors and these favors served as incepto rs of his poems. Many people refer to him as a nature poet, however there is always a person, a character in his nature poetry.(subject/setting) Frost always claimed he wasnt a nature poet and that there is almost always a person in the poem and that the poem is about the person, not about nature, which is usually beautifully described. Nature se... ...ngs). Something refers to a big, unknown unspeakable force God? (expand on this). Or it could refer to the fact that in New England the frost heaves the ground in the winter, much as ice cubes swell up. Anything made of stone or brick suffers because of the upward pressure. Also In actuality, stone walls were never built between properties. As farmers would turn their fields the stone were unearthed and carried to the property line and dumped. Im sure Frost was aware of these facts but didnt really care about how the carnal wall came about, for he uses this wall only in the metaphoric sense to describe the way we wall ourselves in , art object not knowing what we might be walling out. In Mending Wall Frost has recognized the existence of a force that sends a powerful emotion, a groundswell under the barriers that human beings create virtually themselves in an attempt to break these barriers down.Mending Wall has a man who both builds and repairs the wall, as well as works to topple the wall. He makes boundaries while at the same time trying to break them. Thats part of what makes this poem universally acceptable and enjoyable. Frost has described all of mankind.

Euthanasia Should Be A Legal Option Essay -- Euthanasia Essays

Euthanasia is a controversial subject, not just now because at that place atomic number 18 many different moral dilemmas associated with it, but also in what constitutes its definition. At the extreme ends of disagreement, advocates say euthanasia, also known as mendelevium aid in dying, is a good or merciful death. Opponents of euthanasia say its a fancy word for murder. There are reasons that would make a person proclivity toward the side of euthanasia, and there are also reasons that would turn someone away from euthanasia. The arguments against euthanasia include the churchs view on the topic of suicide. The arguments in favor of euthanasia include the patients wish to have dignity. However, regardless of the patients wishes, suicide is against the law. If a person has a living will, it would allow the doctors to lawfully end any life preserving treatment. Without a living will this cannot be done. The decision to allow a patient to end his or her life is clearly not an easy one. The courts feel that unless there is a living will to state what the patient would want to be done, the authorities moldiness try to save the patient. The law does not require that everything must be done to keep a patient alive. Some people feel that keeping a patient alive against his or her wishes is not only cruel and inhumane, but it is also contrary to law and practice. However, for centuries now, physicians in training have been taking the ?Hippocratic Oath?. This oath is taken from the Greek physician Hypocrites who lived thousands of years ago. The ?Hippocratic Oath? imposes on two duties to prolong life, and relieve suffering. The problems come about because these two duties are often in conflict. The question virtually of the time is to decide when prol... ...y four hours a day, and I knew my illness was incurable, I would probably want to put an end to that suffering. I would not want my family and love ones around see me suffer. Also, I would wan t to die with as much dignity as practicable. But then again, I am not in that situation, so I am not positive that is what I would want to do, you just have to be in the situation to make the best possible decision.Bibliography1. Friedman,Emily. Ethics Issues For Health Care Professionals. Baskerville American Hospital Publishing, 1986. 2. Maguire,Daniel. Death By Choice. Garden City Doubleday & Company,1984. 3. Reich,Warren. Quality Of Life. crude York Paulist Press, 1990. 4. Brody,Baruch. Life And Death Decision Making. New York Oxford University Press,1988. 5. Chapman,Carleton. Physicians,Law,& Ethics. New York New York University Press,1984.

Euthanasia Should Be A Legal Option Essay -- Euthanasia Essays

Euthanasia is a controversial subject, not only because there are many different moral dilemmas associated with it, but also in what constitutes its definition. At the extreme ends of disagreement, advocates offer euthanasia, also known as physician aid in dying, is a good or merciful death. Opponents of euthanasia say its a fancy word for murder. There are reasons that would make a person lean toward the side of euthanasia, and there are also reasons that would turn someone away from euthanasia. The arguments against euthanasia include the churchs view on the topic of suicide. The arguments in favor of euthanasia include the patients wish to have dignity. However, regardless of the patients wishes, suicide is against the law. If a person has a living will, it would allow the doctors to lawfully end any life preserving treatment. Without a living will this cannot be done. The decision to allow a patient to end his or her life is clearly not an easy one. The courts feel that unless there is a living will to state what the patient would sine qua non to be done, the authorities must try to save the patient. The law does not require that everything must be done to keep a patient alive. few people feel that keeping a patient alive against his or her wishes is not only cruel and inhumane, but it is also contrary to law and practice. However, for centuries now, physicians in training have been taking the ?Hippocratic Oath?. This oath is taken from the Greek physician Hypocrites who lived thousands of years ago. The ?Hippocratic Oath? imposes on two duties to hold up life, and relieve suffering. The problems come about because these two duties are often in conflict. The question most of the time is to decide when prol... ...y four hours a day, and I knew my affection was incurable, I would probably want to put an end to that suffering. I would not want my family and loved ones around see me suffer. Also, I would want to die with as much dignity a s possible. But then again, I am not in that situation, so I am not positive that is what I would want to do, you just have to be in the situation to make the best possible decision.Bibliography1. Friedman,Emily. Ethics Issues For Health Care Professionals. Baskerville American Hospital Publishing, 1986. 2. Maguire,Daniel. death By Choice. Garden City Doubleday & Company,1984. 3. Reich,Warren. Quality Of Life. New York Paulist Press, 1990. 4. Brody,Baruch. Life And Death Decision Making. New York Oxford University Press,1988. 5. Chapman,Carleton. Physicians,Law,& Ethics. New York New York University Press,1984.

Particular social system Essay

Ethics is the discipline that deals with the good and the bad as good as with the moral duty and responsibility of an individual. It can also be defined as the study of the choices made by individuals as regards right and reproach (Marie, 2005). Ethics is mainly concerned with the philosophy that results in a particular behavior. Ethics are of different types, and they differ in terms of their application in different contexts. Ethics state the working of a particular social system. They point towards the utilization of morality. At birth, as indicated by Be The Dream (2009), everyone is pr inciteically a blank slate.The period of infancy is characterized by total emptiness. The only skill an infant is equipped with is crying in order to attract the assist of the other people. Infants are contented with just lying watching the world revolve around them until they need something. However, as life progresses, individuals capture values in accordance with what they have previously learned or gone through (Be The Dream, 2009). The main intent of developing moral philosophy is to set up the capacity to go up with rational judgment and ethical decisions.The whole process of personal ethics development is continuous and goes on through out life (Marie, 2005). personalised ethics, morals and values go hand in hand. Values are beneficial aspects learned from childhood, either as a result of interaction with the purlieu or from parents. Morals are the inherent beliefs that develop from the values system of the way an individual should react in a particular situation (Fairleigh Dickinson University, 2010). Ethics, on the other hand, are characterized by an individuals reaction to difficult situations.Ethics play a major role of testing the morals of an individual. individualised ethics are instilled by the culture, environment as well as the background in which an individual is brought up (Fairleigh Dickinson University, 2010). Family values in addition to tral atitious values are very important in the upbringing of a child. These values play a major role in assisting an individual develop personal ethics at a very tender age. Various personal ethics include honesty, loyalty, punctuality, open-mindedness, self respect as well as respect for others and fairness (Marie, 2005).Hatcher (2007) states that the expression of ones ethics is not always comprehended in the global context at large, immediate surrounding, or even among the closest family members. This is mainly as a result of the difference in the development of personal ethics. Personal ethics develop early in life through interaction with family, church, school, and other members of the general community. All these people play part in helping one mold his/her beliefs (Hatcher, 2007). Personal ethics are established through unconscious observations as well as experiences of childhood.Personal ethics narrate values that help an individual make common sense of his/her life. They enabl e one to make moral decisions that are not inclined towards the good of an individual but to all people. An ethical person undergoes extensive inhering battles, trying to figure out whether his or her actions will negatively impact on others. Personal ethics enable individuals to make decisions that are meant for the benefit of all. They act as an innate factor that enable individuals make rational and morally correct decisions (Hatcher, 2007).

Government in England between 1649-1653 Essay

Why did the toilet Parliament fail to provide lasting and stable political science in England between 1649-1653?The Rump was created by the purge of the parking area by the Army ( haughtinesss Purge, 6th December, 1648). It was the relate given to the Parliament that sat after the achievement of Charles I. it moved towards setting up a body politic buy abolishing the House of Lords (6 February 1649) and then abolishing the monarchy (7 February 1649). The Council of State became the executive governing body of the Republic and re luffd The Privy Council on the 14th of February 1649. With such early changes to the political governance of government, why did the Rump Parliament fail to last longer?The early changes did appeal to many radical re figureers but fell short to many of their new(prenominal) aims. While the Rump was not entirely succesful in the short-run, it did manage to tackle the majority of its barricades in the long-run, especially in Ireland and Scotland. After that, it did begin to attract complement in 1652-1653. Unfortunately in the long-run the Rumpers remained too busy and too conservative to deal with the revolutionary interests of the minority in a through-going reformation. While it did manage to provide continuity and a modicum of stability and security at a problematical time (especially after the regicide), Oliver Cromwell finally lost patience claiming the Lord has do with you. The Army took action after it was disillusioned with the Rump for many other reasons besides the failure to bring a greater number of reforms. The Rump became increasingly unpopular in the long-run because of unpopular reforms and the lack of reforms as well.However, the Rump had difficulties ever since an estimated 100 MPs who were predominantly conservative, were readmitted after being absent from Prides Purge. They were not convinced republicans and could sway general opinion in the Rump. This was one major criticism it faced early on. It wasnt ra dical exuberant for those who wanted political, social and spiritual changes. The Rumps nucleus of radical members were soon out-numbered with the return of many conservative MPs.Many MPs were not prompt to accept a government that was associated with regicide (the murder of the King). This was seen as an act of crime. This was increasingly made more difficult in The engagement where 22 MPs refused to indication it and accept the abolition of the House of Lords, the abolition of the Monarchy along with the acceptance of Prides Purge as being legal. They would simply not swear an cuss to this. They would not accept the legitimacy of the Rump to carry out reforms and they saw the Rump as a temporary expedient that would not last long. in that location was no consensus for reform.Given its conservative majority it is clear that the Rump was not going to irritate far-reaching parliamentary or social changes. Another criticism it have was that it was a minority regime with virtua lly no popular support. It was just a tool of the Army. It was also thought to be republic in name only with no real commitment to democracy. However there were even more obstacles it had to deal with in 1649 besides the barrage of criticism it received. This would make it undoubtedly more difficult for the Rump to provide lasting and stable government in a time when there were serious economic problems, because bad harvests took place during 1649 and 1650. Not only did this cause social distress, but at the same time the regime was in serious debt.Legislation was a major obstacle to reform. It was a complex subject. The Rump was responsible for both the planning and debating of necessary legislation and the daily maintainance of government. This was a massive task that made progress to inbuilt refroms a laborious process because of the increased workloads.In addition, after the new republic was declared, it faced many enemies. Royalists had no real love for it and Presbyterians h ad very little. The Rump was pressurised by the military but even the army was a potential enemy because many soldiers were still owed large sums of anchor pay. Many regiments mutinied until arrears were eventually paying(a) by 1650. The Army also wanted to see reforms. They wanted laws to be more accessible and break the monopoly in the legal profession. Given that there were fourty-four lawyers in the House, there would not be drastic changes to the legal brass section. Also, given that the Rump represented commercial interests, it was unlikely they would abolish the privileges of big corporations or monopalies that the radical elements of the army and the Levellers hated.This would cause increased frustration to the Army who also desired a new constitution and social reforms to include a more representative form of government. There were 211 MPs in the Rump. 70 would attend the sitting, but the composition and number of MPs who were active meant it was unrepresentative at tha t level. On 14 whitethorn Cromwell and Fairfax took a body of mutineers at Burford by surprise, captured 300 in the night. Only three mutineers were shot. This shows the army helped to deal with particular incidents to provide a stable government but it was still an obstacle to the Rump because of its demands for reform.Furthermore, there were external problems including the rebellion in Ireland. Many Irish Anglicans and Catholics formed a united opposition to the execution of King Charles I. This enhanced the possibility of an invasion of Charles II with foreign help. The Irish Rebellion had continued since 1641, after Sir Thomas Wentworth who governed Irelaand using the rule of thorough came back to England to advise Charles I. During this time the attrocities and emotions had escalated . By kinsfolk 1641 there was a threat of a second army plot.Irish Catholics massacred protestants and there was a fear that they could make their way to England and join English Catholics. In Febr uary 1642, the Long Parliament issued the Adventurers Act in which parliament would gain military support to control the problem and in return give land in Ireland. There was every reason for Cromwell and the Rump to be concerned with Ireland. There were also problems in Scotland and the threat of a Royalist invasion. Both these posed a security threat to the Rump in England. Later, there would be a war with the Dutch ( for commercial reasons ) on 19 May 1652. With many campaigns being executed during the time of the Rump, reforms would have to take a back seat. Charles II was a threat right until September 1651.Closer to home, the Levellers who feared being denied influence launched a bitter attack on Oliver Cromwell and Henry Ireton. They accused them of being ambitious and deceitful. The Levellers aimed to also use the army as a power base which was very dangerous. The Rump had to try and resist pressure for changes of a politically radical nature to avoid instability.The Levelle rs wanted the parliamentary franchise extended to the middle sort of people, a more representative distribution of seats and recognition of certain fundamental human rights and freedoms. and so the Rump ordered the arrest of its leaders, and they were imprisoned in The Tower of London. A Leveller-inspired rising resulted in its Leveller leader, William Thompson being shot. This created some discontent amongst radicals. In October 1649 John Lilburne was tried and true for treason, but acquitted later. The Rump then ordered him to be exiled.By 1649 more radical left-wing groups such as the True Levellers or Diggers and phantasmal sects such as the Fifth Monarchists, Ranters and Quakers seemed to overshadow the Leveller cause. They overrode all considerations of law, conventional morality and religion. This could be a barrier to sustainable progress for the Rump who were alarmed at the situation.Fortunately for the Rump Parliament, though these groups attracted many people, they wer e too fragmented to prove any effective threat to the regime. It is argued their existence made the Rump more conservative. The establishment of the republican Commonwealth in 1649 would cause a more godly society to emerge and justify the revolution had caused a multitude of radical religious and secular proposals which eventually fell on deaf Rumpers ears. The Rump wanted to contain the spread of radicalism. This would mean the Rump would not authorise complete religious toleration.With such a vast number of obstacles to deal with, the Rump did have achievements. This is because the Commonwealth government functioned successfully-collecting taxes, upholding property and keeping the peace in very difficult circumstances. England became powerful in European politics and trade and colonial interests flourished under the republic. The Rump also successfully reinvented the English political landscape. There were many administrive chnages and the accomplished aervice was founded. The R ump buiilt up the navy and by 1652 there were 100 warships. The wars forced the governments to modernize and in 1649 the Rump needed force to deal with Ireland and Scotland.

Jet Blue Essay

(1) Jet Blue should have communicated in a more effective and efficient manner so as to bear on and promote its image. This practice involves making mankind appearances and using the media as a tool in conveying their effort to accept their mistakes and take the necessary actions so as this incident may not manifest again. At the corresponding time, top management should ensure to keep its communication lines open and updated for changes so as to dramatize and show its commitment towards mending the troubles brought slightly by the Valentines day issue.(2) It may be a feasible strategy to place David Neelman in public television because there are several positive and negative impacts that can be generated in the process. One optimistic view is that Neelman can help restore public confidence on Jet Blue and help legitimize and publicize the efforts that the company can make to prevent the issue from happening again. some other is that it helps appease angry customers by gaining the assurance and accountability of all the groups involved in the matter. On the other hand, wiz setback revolves around the change in perception of Jet Blue. This in turn can be manifested in how David Neelman will address the public and the issue on hand.(3) Seeing this alarming issue, one important advertising program must revolve on the idea of restoring customer and investor confidence in Jet Blue. At the same time, it must think its strategies surrounding treatment of customers and the overall approach of the airline given this scenario. Another way to enhance this initiative is to strengthen effort to inform the public about the efforts of Jet Blue to remain accountable and adaptive to such changes.(4) I feel that if the Customer Bill of Rights be implemented, an information campaign be actively presented to Jet Blue customers. Either this can be incorporated within the company website or employees undergo training to be oriented of this policy changes. In this aspect, I feel that this initiative can be supplemental for the company to regain its customer confidence and standing in the airline industry. At the same time, it can also put airline responsibility and accountability into the next level because it is now focused on customer preference. Seeing this, it can lure more people to patronize Jet Blue and solidify its growth amidst the crisis it faced.

Positive changes to the communication environment Essay

There are m any positive changes to the converse milieu which mass be made to support the communication development of pip-squeakren with BSED, and some have already been outlined in Assessment 2.2 and 2.3.Other positive changes whitethorn include using visual support in the form of picture cards, makaton signs or change surface pointing to objects when speaking. This gives further clarification to our speech and helps a child with communication difficulties understand what is world taught or requested of them, which in turn will prevent any confusion and misunderstanding which could lead to undesired behavior being dis coned. To assist a childs understanding of our instructions, we should also speak clearly and slowly, using simple age appropriate language in simple sentence structures.Asking the child to reiterate what is being asked of them can help ensure they understand, although in some children they may non have the vocabulary to do this. With those children, we could demonstrate our request i.e. asking please help tidy up can be reinforced by picking up blocks and putting them in the box and indicating for the child to assist. In older children using written and verbal language, we should again ensure they understand by denotation through any signs or written documents with them, pointing out and explaining any key words and reiterating any importance. Similarly, storage for toys and equipment could be labeled with words and pictures, so each child knows where items belong when they look at to be put away, and also where to find them if they adopt them.Staff, including volunteers could offer regular one to one forthwith support to the child for their communication skills whether this is assistance with reading or phonics. This allows the child to learn in a quieter and slight pressured environment and gives them extra precious time to potentially develop the skills which their peers already have. All cater should be given extra training an d be made more aware of the difficulties that children withSLCN and BSED experience in order to offer extra support successfully.As already mentioned, creating a calmer and quieter environment with fewer distractions can help most people concentrate better, but will work specially well for a child who is already easily distracted due to their BSED. Minimal distractions allow the adult to spend more quality time supporting the child, making it easier to pass along as the child is more focused and at that placefore more receptive to learning.In any environment there needs to be clear boundaries and rules, and these need to be made easy to understand and achieve for children of all ages and abilities. A consistent approach to dealing with conflicts regarding rules helps to avoid any misunderstanding for the child. As already mentioned, a child seeking attention will gain this in the way easiest to him or her, and if attention is usually only given following ostracize behavior, then this how the child is likely to behave. Positive encouragement and praise should be given as often and as emphasized as interdict comments as this will help the child acknowledge that good behaviour is just as, if not more so rewarded than undesirable behaviour.Unfortunately in society there is a stigma attached to people with SCLN and/or BSED, and a less than favourable opinion can be formed by a child when witnessing how an adult deals with a childs behaviour. It is therefore imperative that we show no discrimination towards a child with SLCN or BSED, nor make them feel any different or inferior to their peers. All children can benefit from having information clarified and reiterated especially rules and boundaries, so this doesnt need to be a direct communication just towards the child with extra needs. If a child is made to feel different than their peers in a classroom, they may react to this in a negative manner as it accentuates their extra needs and draws attention to them which may be unwanted.Their reactions may be to become more withdrawn and show less pro-social skills, or to display disruptive or even aggressive behaviour in order to express their feelings of upset. A child with BSED and communication difficulties may not understand their work or what is selectd of them and we must encourage slipway of the child asking for help, as well asus pro oblation support. One way to do this within a classroom environment could be to use playing cards, with each pupil having a card each, and if they require help they can turn the card over on their desk, so only the instructor can see, avoiding drawing attention to themselves by having to put their communicate up and request help and reducing any embarrassment they may feel.Simple reward charts work well with most children but need to be realistic regarding expectations and consistent in recognizing achievements. This could be done as an overall class chart or individual charts for each child aimed a t special(prenominal) development areas. The school my 5 year old daughter attends uses a traffic light system to acknowledge good and negative behaviour. All children become with their name tag on green, however if negative behaviour is witnessed then they move to amber if the behaviour improves, they move back to green, if it proceeds as negative behaviour then move to red. Each time a child moves to amber, they lose 5 minutes from their playtime, and if on red, they lose their golden free play time on a Fri twenty-four hours.If the child is on green all week, they receive a treat on a Friday (usually a sweet, lollipop etc) and for those displaying exceptional hard work or efforts, a certificate of merit is given. The children respond well to this as their punishment for negative behaviour is immediate (or as approximately as can be) so they quickly learn to display alternative behaviour. It is important to remember that a child with BSED may not recognize boundaries and the perform and effect of their behaviour or a reward scheme and therefore a tailored approach would be required. Teaching a child with BSED techniques on how to deal with their emotions before they reach a crisis point can help the child manage their behaviour and develop their emotional and social skills at the homogeneous time as their communication skills.Ways of doing this could include teaching the child a way in which to communicate to their key worker or teacher that they require help or that they are angry or frustrated. This allows the key worker or teacher to support the child before the feelings escalate. Other ways may include helping the child to use a time out facility whereby when the child is feeling vile or angry, they go to a quiet corner until they feel calmer and someone can support them.Using play or activities which the child has a specific interest in (or even using favourite toys or characters within the activity) will help the child maintain their interest and allow them further opportunities to interact, increasing their communication and social skills.Finally, reiterating the days timeline can help children understand what is happening next or when certain activities will take place. Many young children have little concept of time, and for a child who is unsettled and finding it difficult to conform to the boundaries within the setting, it may help them feel more at ease and less anxious if they know what to expect next. The timeline could be repeated verbally or simple pictures could be displayed to show what activity will be happening soon i.e. lunch period (a picture of a sandwich and drink), outdoor play (picture of trees and a ball) or home time (a picture of a coat).Many different ways can be implemented but they may require a lot of time, and a great deal of extra effort from staff before a child begins to display any positive changes and this should be taken into account before deciding that a specific strategy appears to not be working.

Media influence on modern culture Essay

In the last 50 years or so engineering science had contributed to the exponential growth of the mass media where what experienceed ask out with the telegraph was subsequently followed by the radio, the intelligence operationpaper, magazines, television and the new arrival the Internet.The outcome of all these subsequent introductions had make party to be dep checkant on in spirtation and communication for all the study steps they ar ta might and atomic number 18as much(prenominal)(prenominal) as work, health care, education, interpersonal familys, vacuous time such(prenominal) as enjoyment, travelling etc., doing business, investing, and most of the things good deal are doing are based on concomitants, information and recommendations they get from the miscellaneous mass media. This kernel that, although while working it is practical that deal depend on what they learned and the subsequent experience they gained, when it comes to their perfunctory lives they, for the most part, rely on the media to find out as to what is topical in the news and other facts that might imprint their lives, the society as a whole and if thither are areas that they pass water to be a ware of.Be bring of that it is possible to extrapolate that society had developed a trust towards the media over time to such an extent that it has render an authority in providing up to the minute news, entertainment, education, information etc. to the point where the trance of mass media on society and coating had become precise signifi potfult. This study provide try to cotton up some of the influences modify culture this instant and which one of them pull in positive outcomes or otherwise. Historical BackgroundThroughout the years people had their own ways of communicating amongst each other and when the mass populous of any prone community is involved the crude form of communicating, exchanging information and friendship had been evolving over the years. The very early form of communication involved one able individual who could subscribe to a special training and would be at the service of the king or the religious establishment that mostly utilise to be the ones who would attain some important message that is beneficial to a large mass of people.Whether what is communicated is a message or news that the humanity give be interested in, victimization a single individual to address the public at a gathering was the most popular way to relay anything of interest to a gathered public that had been invited to attend such gatherings or it might watch side where people gather to do other things such as trading.The most critical announcements of the olden days were news about faraway colonies, if there happened to be a sudden death among the public figures such as kings or queens or if there is an activity such as a war that requires the participation of some of the members of the populous. What re mystifyd this old method of communicat ion was putting the news in some kind of print format where sort of of people convergence at a given place to receive messages, news, instructions, etc. whatever was to be communicated started to go wherever the people are in a form the earliest news letters.When looking at what is taking place in sophisticated days, the emergence of the newfangled mass media was the outcome of an advancement in technology where the convergence of various technologies such as print media, electronic media, advertising, public relation and currently the Internet formed what is todays mass media. The current mass media has various outlets such as television, radio, newspapers, magazines and Internet that are easily friendly by the public and what is communicated by such mediums and how it is communicated had become very complicated.Since the comprise of acquiring such mediums had become affordable by the masses, the cost of communication had as well as gone down reservation communicating amon g people or those who have particular messages to the mass easy and can be done at a desired frequency without worrying about a very lofty cost. When looking at culture it is possible to perceive it as values that follow genuine pattern and could have accredited goals, beliefs, behaviours coupled by knowledge and experience that a given aggroup leave alone concede to share among themselves.The same could apply to establishments that are out to accomplish accepted tasks where they give have certain values or missions that make up their corporate culture and they will have to put to work these values and mission statements in society to meet the expectation of the public and community they are serving. That being as it is modern media has a considerable influence on such cultures to the point where it could visit what the public as well as institutions should be doing to the point where the media might become authoritative and a force to reckon with.If that is not the case a c ertain member of society or an institution could get a bad coverage that would affect the image of those involved and since the media had attained an authoritative office it can influence the culture of people, communities, as well as establishments that are out to serve the public. If that public has bad opinion about them because of what the media reports or preaches they will find it difficult to carry out their duty.This demonstrates that there had been interdependence among media and culture that was outcome of the media dictating what the public and others that have various roles to play should do or puzzle to. Since the number of media outlets had change magnitude the outcome had been the sources where people are getting their information had as well change magnitude. This by itself had forced individuals to identify with some of the information and messages they get from the various media outlets and that had impart in influencing how they do things and their overall c ulture.Media Influence on Culture McQuail (2000) uses the gratification model why the public or a given listening would want to consume what the media avails through a given medium. Society as a whole, groups or individuals want to reinforce their basic behaviour and to accomplish that they start out by identifying themselves with roles or role players, the kind of value they hold or communicate and sometimes their gender and ethnicity might also be interpreted into consideration.Another reason why whatever the media comes up with is consumed by members of society is there is always a need to interact with other people through what the media avails, whatever medium is used such as television, newspapers, magazines, movies, Internet etc. It is also possible members of a given society as a group or individually would need some kind a security source that will enable them to enhance their knowledge about the world they are living in or they might need information to carry on with thei r lives or with whatever they are doing.When that is the case there is no ruin source to resort to other than the media and its various mediums or outlets that include books. It is also possible from a very early age people had been reliant on some form of entertainment so that they can use it to pass time, as an escape or they might need emotional release such as excitement, suspense, laughter etc. Based on such findings it is not difficult to surmise that the influence of the media on culture is at the very mettlesome level currently, because the earlier days did not have to deal with such barge of media broadcasting using various mediums on a daily basis.Because of the gritty level of exposure people are getting to modern media they cannot avoid their culture being heavily influenced by what they consume from the media. This will make it possible to say that the way people behave in modern times is the glitterion of the kind of influence they receive from the modern mass medi a. The modern media deals with daily politics, current affairs, it is the major(ip) source of entertainment and the like where people that interact with a certain medium would also pass what they encountered to others that could result in formative how such individuals interacting with each other would behave.Use of Entertainment to Influence Cultural Practices Entertainment had been one of the rational pictureive vehicles the media uses to influence culture. All entertainment programs aired on television, the music played at the home, workplace, in vehicles and at entertainment venues, all the stories written on newspapers, magazines, even books will affect the participating publics culture to the point where it is possible people could learn new and repair things that will force them to drift away from the older values their culture holds that will result in people postdateing new behaviour.What had been taking place was that the media had managed to bring together what is ta king place around the world on one computer programme so that people can compare various cultures, outlooks, and way of doing things and adapt to the ones they find to be palatable to their taste and understanding. This is accomplished on the part of the media by employing surveillance on what various groups of people are doing and exposing these activities to others using various mediums to an extent that some groups could be encouraged to showcase their culture to others who could eventually adopt them if they attain a liking for them.How Media Educates People to Handle Their Daily Activities The media could also educate people how to do certain things by showing them how to handle it better or conduct certain activities where it is possible to show people to conform to certain ways of doing things that could result in changing their way of purport. This would enable people to adapt to what is taking place in the grater world in stead of being confined in their own culture only that will result in people adopting new cultures because of their being exposed to the modern media.New ideas will not only be limited to those who will only have a firsthand encounter to various happenings, as these people will pass what they saw or learned to others. Such transferring and communicating of information had been made faster because of the coming into the picture of the Internet, spry tele screams, TV that can be accessed from anywhere as desire as there is Internet connection, radio that could be broadcast globally and magazines that could find their way into the global marketplace. Conflict Resolution Among the various advantages media avails to communities one of them is conflict resolution.Most world communities are afflicted by various kinds of conflicts that could be the outcome of competition or rivalry among various groups. Such conflicts will result at times in mass violent death or unjust practises taking place that would affect innocent civilians. In a s ituation like this, the media can play an intermediary role by exposing bad practices and by coming up with just solutions where it could possible to implement the introductions to solve conflicts. The media is in a position to use effectively various mediums such as films or stories written on newspapers, magazines, news broadcast etc.to serve a given purpose in curbing violence and bring back normalcy to besieged communities. The media had also been actively influencing the political sphere and can put pressure on various governments, especially in elected countries such as the US and the UK as to how to implement certain policies they come up with. Whenever there is an election the media also plays a crucial role by allowing the candidates and electorate to interact with each other through interviews, debates or question and answer secessions where the audience participates live.This kind of an exposure is capable of affecting the culture a certain group is practising, including the stand of political parties and their leaders. Further more, occasions such as debates, question and answer periods or broadcasting speeches made by prominent individuals for mass pulmonary tuberculosis will all result in nurturing the intellection, the outlook and the culture of the participating public that will lead in enabling the participants to take certain actions that are mutually beneficialThe media also had been playing a crucial role in improving peoples lives, by advocating that the public as a whole has to be responsible about what would happen to the environment. The media had also been intervening in drug abuse, certain dissipated behaviours, violence and the like that would result in brining down the occurrences of such incidents and eventually people could make the positive outlooks communicated part of their culture and could refrain from violence or would avoid abusing drugs that will result in enhancing a given communitys long held culture.In all this, the re are three highlighted stages through which the interaction and media consumption can take place. The first is direct consumption where the individual will directly be involved in using the medium used such as TV, discipline newspapers or surfing the Internet where there is no interference or destruction from any other source.The second type of media consumption is when there is another(prenominal) tool or anything of such nature interfering with the direct consumption of what a given medium communicates such as talking on the phone while watching TV or cleaning utensils while watching TV etc. The third consumption method is when the individual is not directly using the medium because some of the things the individual is doing are interfering directly where the individual cannot pay attention to the point there will not be any new information learned to affect the individuals culture or behaviour.When looking at various findings there had not been certain singularitys as to whet her the media is beneficial or otherwise in spite of the numerous debates that had been staged to arrive at the reality and there is no certain indication that the escalated media consumption has affected the long standing cultures of communities positively or cast outly. However, when looking at some of the mediums that have become largely available for use by the public such as the telephone, Internet, computers, television, radio etc.it possible to say they have positively enriched peoples lives, hence their culture, although there are negative pertains too. In modern days people have a much better stand fors of communication that were not available a few decades past enabling them to communicate with family members, friends, employers and co-workers in such a way that it had become possible to do so without incurring a high cost.When looking at what is taking place in modern media such as 24-hour access to television and radio broadcasting and programming, or participating i n a given medium through talk-shows that are open to the public, or simply writing an article and having it published on newspapers, magazines, newsletters or on the Internet had become much easier and could result in many people communicating their ideas where they can interact on blogs and chat rooms in real time.All new ideas and suggestions communicated using such channels had become useful as they will end up influencing existing cultures. The outcome of such interaction had been seen as a major contribution to modern culture where various programmes such as news, documentaries, interviews, advertisements etc. will all contribute to the modern culture because they can reach a big number of people. They could serve as a catalyst that will create a streamlined outlook that will result in making the world culture more-and-more similar.Peculiar cultures such as circumcising young girls that takes place in cultures such as Kenya could be put in check because people will know it is h armful, as well as affects the normal life of the girls as they grow up. Furthermore, access to a vast amount of media such as TV or affordable Internet access has enabled people to improve their vocabularies and thinking pattern because their chance of being exposed to experts, role models, politicians and the like has become much higher.Accordingly, such exposures will enable them improve their perception as well as their linguistic ability, which is more so to younger students. Interpersonal relationship had also got a boost because individuals could learn more positive manners from the media that improves their behaviours and would enhance the socialising capability of individuals enabling them to meet more people, whose interaction will always enhance ones culture.Consuming what modern media avails also encourages individuals to be socially responsible, because there are factors such as opinion canvas that will shape how people think or see things and the outcome will be they can take better control of their daily life and if they happen to be in a position of authority they will always pay attention to how the media is portraying them. In spite of the benefits the media brings to the fore there are certain areas that have negative impact on society such as violence that could originate from media outlets that are not regulated.The side effect of such exposure could be it will raise the level of violence in a given society since most people, especially younger ones are always prone to imitate those who they consider to be role models. Another area that has a negative impact is the escalated immorality level in modern society that is the outcome of interacting with modern media. It is so because of the assumption that as long as certain acts originate from socially accepted sources such as the media, the fact that a certain act is immoral could be side-stepped.This could lead to certain diseases such as aids and other sexually transmittable diseases, earl y teen pregnancy and unprotected sex to go unchecked because if the media portrays such incidents as not grave problems there are many that will be victimised (Shaw and McCombs, 1972). The media is also constantly exposing people to fancy outlooks or lifestyles and this will affect the culture of communities because their members could disregard their cultural values and could end up chasing what the media is exposing them to.Modern media had increased the rate of criminal activities in many societies, because most media outlets portray numerous criminal activities as good, acceptable and normal leading some to succumb to committing crimes. thither are scenes in the media that show abusing drug as a good act or at least as not a hazardous engagement or using dangerous weapons could be portrayed as a normal thing to do leading the youth of certain communities to be caught imitating these acts.The media also ends up portraying certain races or ethnic groups better than others resul ting in discriminatory behaviours. Criticisms to Correct Wrong Outlooks Sources such as Ganutlett (1998) had refused the upheld belief concerning modern media being the source of violence. He had stated that the first task to accomplish is to focus on the so called social violence and examine the causes based on the identity of those who commit such violence, their earth, character etc.before blaming all incidents on media. On the other hand, when looking what effects theory has to say it promulgates that commercials, advertising, as well voter campaign and the like influence behaviour and culture. Some examples to cite are trials of celebrities and prominent individuals that had attracted mass attention and had ended up establishment opinions and to an extent behaviours, but it is not possible to say that will always be the case.What the critics of media effects theory had been advocating was that when examining most incidents labelled as copycat murders, suicides or violent acts the contributing factors had been upbringing harbouring that it must have been abnormal for the most part. More than media environments that were violent, emotionally not fulfilling and a drawn-out exposure for a prolonged period to aggressive environments are more contributing factors than watching movies, commercials, listening to certain music etc. It is also important to look at mental instability, as it had been a major cause for most violent crimes.This means that findings indicate that any kind of violence or any act deemed immoral such as abnormal sexual interactions are not at all considered as influencing factors, because most people who grew up bombarded with such acts have immaculate to be normal members of society, although there are few that had been victimised. According to sources such as Baker (2001), the major source of violence is background and upbringing instead of watching movies on various mediums that depict violence or other indecent acts.According to him daily news consumed by many people could also be full of violence, but that does not instigate many people go out and copycat the acts and if that happens the main reason would be the social background of those who commit such acts instead of what they consume from various media outlets. Freedman (2007) was among researchers who had shown evidence by showing what took place in the US and similar countries where crime had increased sharply between 1965-1980 blamed on the violence originating from various media.The same violence act precipitated at around 1992 although the usual media outlets that were releasing violent temporal were doing it at a much higher level showing that societal violence is not a direct outcome of consuming violent or immoral material availed by various media outlets forcing critics to look elsewhere for the cause. In stead, there are other areas where the media has a major influence on how people behave, act or perceive certain things. One such area is agen da-setting that is the outcome of how news is gathered and dispensed ((Shaw and McCombs, 1972).Good examples cited are the four major news agencies such AP, UPI, Reuters and Agence-France that are responsible at least for around 90% of news consumed through various media outlets. The material such agencies come up with had impeccable reliability over the years to the point where they had gained some public respect and authority. However, critics eye this interaction as a close collaboration of the news agencies and existing establishments, where in tandem they are out to manipulate society, culture, behaviour and thinking so that existing status quo will continue to reign.This means that media could be instrumental rather than being true agents of propaganda. Such a stance will always make them finish as supporters of those who have economic role who in fact are spending money on the media agencies in a form of advertising, airtime etc. so that they will go out and influence the cu lture on their behalf, altering their habit of doing things such as spending, buying, voting, leisure activities etc. which are part of the components that make up modern cultures.Whatever the cause and drive behind the measure the media takes, at the end of the day the media would end up influencing culture reforming it to serve a certain purpose the media wants that will reflect the desire of those who are responsible for oiling the machine of media such as politicians, big business, government and interest groups showing that there is interrelation in what is taking place and certainly media is impacting culture on a daily basis.There are sources that emphasised how media had become instrument of control. New media such as the Internet is facilitating more than ever such social control because, currently the number of the participants had exploded by the emergence of such new media tools such as blogs that are having impact on culture as society members are not consumers only any more and they have become participants and have become responsible in affecting their own culture.That does not, however, means they take the place of the mainstream media that always had influential power as witnessed from what took place in geographical locations such as Asia where a speedy social change had taken place that had been attributed to be the effect of media on culture. This shows that wherever the modern media penetrates it will affect the culture of backward communities for the better creating a more or less global village and such outcome had been noted when television had been introduced in Bhutan where the culture had undergone a rapid Westernisation.It does not mean everyone sees such changes positively as Schiller (1976) had called such impact cultural imperialism, where those who have economic and political power could end up imposing their will and culture on weaker societies by manipulating the media effectively. In a situation like this it is possible to see media as a means of social control, in spite of the fact such imposition will also be accompanied with higher standard of living, urbanisation, literacy etc.requiring more fortified exposure to mass media so that what is gained will not be reversed. Because of that if there is going to be some gain attained, there has to be some degree of adaptation to make and that might end up altering a given culture. Whether the introduced change is good or bad it is up to the onlookers to judge, but the reality is willingly or otherwise, modern media could affect culture to the point where those affected could lose control their indigenous culture.However, what puts the fear to rest is governmental intervention at every level is available in any community where there is censorship to weed out offensive material, where there could be licensing laws in place that will take measures for failing to accept with the agreed upon rules showing that all objectionable material could be kept out of the reach of people.However, with the advent of mediums such as the Internet that might not be totally possible, but the responsibility could shift to the participants where they can congregate and critically assess what they are encountering on the new medium that are accessible through an Internet connection, where discussing the merits and demerits of what are made available will be possible.This means that the consuming public had been the sole decision maker when it comes to what to consume or what not to consume on the Internet to such an extent reason, logic and good judgement had become the regulators instead of governmental decrees, although still governmental decrees also dictate what cannot be made available on the Internet and at the end of the day it is what the public and others are doing that will end up influencing behaviour, thinking and culture.It is no longer media alone, for the most part, that would impact culture as it used to be because the media would have to sha re the prevalent platform with the participants who are gaining more control. In spite of the independence individuals attained to act on their own, when looking at the public sphere, media could still have a inviolablehold where it can form public opinion which could also be applicable in the publics consumer behaviour scene where those who claim to be connoisseur could influence how the public reacts to what is say at it in a form of goods and services.However, when it comes to politics findings indicate that even if there are those who say media simply fixes or confirms what people held as their strong conviction, the reality could be a large number of people could lack political experience and correct perception making them heavily reliant on the trusted and autocratic media and in the long term it will dictate their behaviours, thinking and culture.Yet, there are sources such as Thompson, (1995) who claim one-way communication, which had been the media show up and mainstay d oes not work effectively when compared to where there is interaction through telephone and currently blogs, chat rooms etc. where live interaction could be involved, including posting photos and videos or using web-cam to directly access someone important such as a politician privately.When examining the effect the media has in a fall by the wayside enterprise society, items such as news, commentaries, documentaries and similar informative programmes could be dealing most of the time with controversial and real world problems and subjects. Whereas, the rest of media is mainly entertainment or it is advancing the cause of sponsors without whom the private broadcasting companies would not exist.Therefore, the second genre of what media represents is the advancing of the interest of the various enterprises that have products or services to the regard public and their main concern is selling what they are bringing into the marketplace. With the same token, they would want to influence the public to use their products, because most products require getting used to in order to pay money for them.Looking at the prevalence of telephone service in an advanced community is a good example, because head start from the homes, workplaces, public meeting places, various shops, malls and streets all can be fitted with some kind of telephone service that include cars. Amongst all these possibilities there are mobile phone manufacturers that should convince the public to use cell phones in addition to whatever they are using demonstrating that they might not need anything else since the device can go with them everywhere.In order to change peoples view who used to using the traditional telephone system the makers of such phones and service providers have to spend a lot of money on media ads to educate the public whose outlook, habit, usage and culture will be affected both by the ads, as well as the new products showing that whatever way it is looked at and whatever source o r interest group uses the mass media to serve it certain purpose, peoples outlook, thinking and culture should go some kind a transformation ascertaining to a good extent mass media, whoever employs it, in the long run it will affect culture.REFERENCE Barker, M. the Newson Report a Case Study in Common Sense III Effects in the Media / military force Debate, (second edition), ed. Martin Baker and Julian Petley (London Routledge, 2001), pp. 27-46. David Gauntlett (1998). Ten things wrong with the effects model. Approaches to Audiences A Reader. Available online http//www. theory. org. uk/effects. htm. Accessed July 23, 2010 Freedman, Jonathan. No historical Evidence for TV Violence Causing Real Violence First Amendment Centre, 2007, online, Availablehttp//www. firstamendmentcenter. org/commentary. aspx? id=18490 Accessed July 23, 2010 McCombs, M & Shaw, D. L. (1972), The Agenda-setting Function of the Mass Media, Public Opinion Quarterly, 73, pp176187 Mcquail, Denis (2000) McQuails s Mass Communication Theory (fourth edition), Sage, London, pp. 16-34. Schiller, Herbert I. (1976). Communication and cultural domination. international Arts and Sciences Press, 901 North Broadway, White Plains, New York 10603. pp. 910 Thompson, J. (1995), The Media and Modernity

Authoritarian Methods of Control in Brave New World & V for Vendetta Essay

People should not be afraid of their government. Governments should be afraid of their people. The right to rule. What gives someone such a power you ask? Well there is a variety of different factors and qualities one must have such as strength and leading but there is a single item that all need and that is control. Without the obedience and submission of the people governments will fail. The film V for Vendetta and the fiction Brave New World both comment on the issue of misuse of technology and the control of the people. V for Vendetta is the 2006 film adaptation by the Wachowskis of the comic book of the same name created by Alan Moore. It is set in a futuristic dystopian ball in which Britain is ruled by a totalitarian-fascist party, and follows the events triggered by a masked shadowy revolutionary known only as the letter V. Brave New World is Aldous Huxleys arguable masterpiece, published in 1932 and is about a futuristic-dystopian world where the government has outlawed free-speech and individuality and uses psychological conditioning to control the people.Now let me refocus on the theme at hand control. The Norsefire party in V for Vendetta rises to power by offering the solution after a string of biological attacks on various establishments a school, water plant and an underground train station. The fear inspired by these attacks was what made people give them the power to rule. The Wachowskis have compared and likened the Norsefire party to the Nazis the worlds most famous fascist regime. The token of the Norsefire uses the same colour and a similar symbol to that of the traditional swastika. The Norsefire in like manner had a similar rise to power as the Hitler regime. First Chancellor Sattler was seen as the saviour before revealing his true colours as a villain fear became the tool of this government. The Norsefire also engaged in genocide of homosexuals, Muslims, and ethnics. Rather than concentration camps those captured were placed in cargo deck internalitys with the aim of testing biochemical and viruses. The Norsefire government represents what V is rebelling against and that is oppression and the abuse of power.Similarly in Brave New World, the World State is built upon from the bleakness of the Nine Year War, fear and confusion were the aid of both these governments and let them create and enforce their ideals. Both governments have destroyed and banned any satisfying that goes against party policy. Brave New World has taken this to the extreme with all literature and arts having been destroyed since thebeginning of the World State. The tool of control use by the World State is science, children are born from laboratories and are conditioned, and their lives are predetermined to create a unified machine. The motto of the World State accurately reflects this ideology Community, Identity, Stability it calls for each class to identify within their ranking and to support the community with the aim of achievin g stability. Characters like John and Valorie rebel and detest the archetype of conformity.John wishes to experience the world as it truly was meant to be But I dont requirement comfort. I want God, I want poetry, I want real danger, I want freedom, I want goodness. I want sin. He hates the protected and sheltered state of the people of the world state and their dependency on soma. Valorie is proud of being a lesbian and was captured because of it throughout her time at the detention centre she continues to fight whilst trying to encumbrance true to herself and her identity. She leaves a note which becomes a source of inspiration for both V and Evey as she says it was my integrity that was importantwe must never lose it, or sell it, or give it away. We must never let them take it from us. By using the number of his room at the Larkhill detention centre V becomes a living symbol of Norsefires genocide and a motive for his vendetta beyond Vs rebellious goals, he also wishes to remi nd the people of Valeries message about their identity, their integrity and that they have the freedom to be themselves, no matter what anyone tells them they can or cant be.

“Only A Pawn In Their Game” – Dylan and The 60s

This past September 11th marked the fiftieth-anniversary of the oust of bobsled Dylans 1962 eponymous album, Bob Dylan. Fittingly, Dylan marked the occasion with the release of his thirty-fifth studio album, Tempest, an album Rolling Stone Magazine recently gave five stars, calling it one of his weirdest albums, and adding, It may also be the single darkest record in Dylans catalog. Tempest, quite an than being an exception to the trend, is a continuation of the creative resurgence that Dylan has roll in the hayd everywhere the past decade, proving that even though hes now one of rock medications elder severalisesmen, his advancing age has non urned him into a mere nostalgia act, besides rather has served to cement his legacy as a trustworthy musical icon. Despite his prolific touring schedule and studio out shit off, the period that is still most(prenominal) a touch at associated with Bob Dylan is the early 1960s, specifically his involvement with the Civil Rights mov ement and his influence on the popular culture of American society.Louis Masur says that, it was what Dylan sang, said, did and represented for a a couple of(prenominal) years in the 1960s that elapses to draw the publics attention and ignite the imaginations of new generations of listeners. In a three- ear period, Dylan went from being an uncharted singer/guitar undertakeer to large on protest anthem composer. As a descendant of Jewish race, Dylan was also capable to sympathize with visible minorities in ways that others were not able to. He wrote some of the most influential music of the time and would to turn his back on it all, still to reinvent himself. Masur summarizes it perfectly, saying Dylan embodied two revolutions involved down three years, two seismic cultural shifts. Before they ended, and ever since, writers have inquired into the meaning of Bob Dylan.Bob Dylan was born Robert Zimmerman, the son of Jewish American parents, n Hibbing, Minnesota. His father and uncles owned an electrical store and one of Dylans foremost jobs was helping his father collect on late payments or repossess equipment in situations where payment was long overdue. Growing up in Mid- western America and being Jewish in a town that, as he put it, had a certain prejudice against Jews, leftover him feeling very isolated and misunderstood. An old high school flame, Echo Star Helstrom explained, the other kids, they wanted to throw stones at anybody different. And Bob was different. He didnt fit in. Not in Hibbing.In point to cope with the growing feelings of isolation, Dylan rancid to music and learned to play to play the guitar that he found in the home his father had bought. He would stay up late at night, listening to a radio carry transmitted from Shreveport, and it was on that station that he first heard the music of Hank Williams, Fats Domino, Elvis Presley and Little Richard. These artists left Dylan with a desire for more as he absorbed not wholly these sounds but the promises of independence, individuality, and freedom that (their) music seemed to carry.In an interview with Jeff Rosen that acts as the backbone or Martin Scorseses 2005 documentary, No didactics Home, Dylan, reflecting on the popular music of the time said, nobody exchangeabled country or rock and roll, rhythm and blues. That kind of music wasnt what was happening up there. The music that was popular was How Much Is That Doggy In The Window? . But that wasnt our reality, our reality was bleak to begin with, our reality was fear. The 1950s were a tense time, and the young Dylan found that rock and roll was a good outlet to work through and express what youth were feeling. He formed a few band throughout high school, and his stated goal in his senior yearbook was to join LittleRichard. In a voice over scene in No Direction Home, one of Dylans high school teacher tells a story nigh having to pull the curtain because the principal sum didnt feel that Roberts piano p laying was appropriate for the audience. though Bobs first love was rock-and-roll, he would soon arrive infatuated with kinship group music. Folk musics foundations were laid in the early part of the twentieth century by the Inter bailiwick Workers of the World, or the IWW. The first members of the IWW penned vocals as part of the effort to establish workers equality and rights, and would sing protest songs while marching in demonstrations.However, during the Red Scare following WWI, state and federal official authorities raided the IWW offices and shut down the organization. Folk music was rescued in large part thanks to Woody Guthrie, a poor farmers son who left home at sixteen to discover his homeland. Working odd jobs, Guthrie made it through the Depression and eventually became a radio personality in Los Angeles, indication radical news of KFVD. Within two years, he was living in sweet York making regular contributions to Communist publications, and went on to join the Nav y during the turn World War. Upon returning to the US, Guthrie settled into New York City and wrote ount little songs, including This Land Is Your Land, Tom Joad and Pastures of Plenty, all songs with strong socialist sentiments.This Land Is Your Land was genuinely written as a Marxist retort to God Bless America, and became an alternative national anthem to the New Left. When asked, around what type of songs he sang and why, Guthrie responded I sing the songs of the people that do all of the little jobs and the mean and dirty hard work in the world and of their wants and their hopes and their plans for a suitable life. His sentiment was expressed clearly on his instrument This Machine Kills Fascists.Guthrie soon met Pete Seeger, a fellow folk thespian who had formed a musicians union, and they began to travel the nation on an informal tour. With other musicians, they formed a leftist group called the Almanac Singers. They promoted union organizing, racial justice, and other ca uses with their topical songs, and in the late 40s, they evolved into the Weavers. Things changed in the early 1950s. The Weavers were enjoying a period of great success with the song Good Night, Irene, moving two million copies, making it the take up selling record since the end of WWII.Unfortunately, it wasnt made to last. Guthrie and Seeger were both downheartedlisted by the studios and recording industry for their outspoken socialist views and communist sympathizing, and were eventually reduced from national stardom to playing small bars on the outskirts of cities. Things began to improve following the 1954 senate censure of Joe McCarthy, and there was a renewed interest in folk music. , beginning in the San Francisco Bay field of honor. The Kingston Trio were instrumental in the resurgence of folk music. Formed in 1957 by three college students, the Kingston Trio proved that folk music, f marketed and sold properly, could be commercialized, and had the potential to be very p rofitable. In June of 1958, the Trio released Tom Dooley, an unlikely pop/country hit that sold over three million copies. The group was prolific in their recording, at one point having four albums in the Top 10, simultaneously. Between 1958 and 1966, the Trio would release 22 albums, 13 of which ended up in the Top 10.Though criticized for watering down folk songs to make them commercially popular, and standing on the sidelines through the most political and contentious period of American history to date, the group deserves credit for elping to pave the way for the general acceptance of the older folkies, as well as helping to clearing a path for newcomers like Joan Baez and Bob Dylan. In a 2007 interview, Trio member Nick Reynolds told The Huffington Post that the members of the group were big fans of the Weavers, and cognise that the Weavers experience had shown them that they were best to take another direction. Reynolds was quoted as saying, We decided that if we wanted to hav e our songs contend on the airwaves, wed better stay in the middle of the highroad politically. Wed just got out of school. We didnt want to get blacklisted When asked if the Weavers ad warned the Trio to avoid controversy, he simply said They didnt have to. In the fall of 1959, Dylan relocated to Minneapolis and enrolled in the University of Minnesota, though he rarely attended class. It was during this time that the Kinston Trio were beginning to have great success, and there emerged a changing perspective amongst the youth of America.The area surrounding the University had a bohemian element to it, and it inspired Dylan to sell his electric equipment and buy an acoustic guitar. This turn from rock and roll to folk music was significant, as it provided Dylan with an outlet to perform in small coffee shops and o meet like-minded people, a relatively new phenomenon for the outsider Dylan. Minneapolis was also where Zimmerman fooled the depict Bob Dylan when asked how he wanted t o be presented on the bill at his first military operation. It was around this time that he was introduced to the music of Woody Guthrie and was given a copy of Woodys autobiography, Bound For Glory. Dylan described his initial take on Guthrie in his 2004 memoir, Chronicles Volume One, saying, The songs themselves had the infinite sweep of humanity in them He was the true voice of the American spirit. I said to myself I was button to be Guthries reatest disciple. Dylan related to Woodys stories about the people down on their luck and no doubt correlated his experience as a repo-man, even if just subconsciously.Guthries importance was immediately clear to large spell of people, and Mike pavilions has said He was authentic because he came from and sang for the oppressed. However, as previously stated, Woody was an unabashed political partisan, a self-styled broad(a) blooded Marxican and enthusiastic class warrior, which wasnt a great career move in the McCarthy era. Dylan was so impressed with Guthrie that he decided to try to adopt his traits nd personality. He began wearing a corduroy hat, jeans and work shirt, imitating his Woodys okie accent and imitating a tick he had, not conscious of the feature that he was actually imitating the symptoms of Huntingtons disease. In Guthries music, Dylan found a mix of individualism and populism, humour and rage, and a general sense of the possibility of self-creation. Marquee says, Guthrie offered an identity that was more genuinely Dylans own than the one his society had saddled him with. After dropping out of University, Dylan headed east to New York, having heard that Guthrie was in a hospital, on his deathbed.Shortly after arriving in New York, Dylan made the pilgrimage to see his dying idol, playing a few songs for him while there. The visits would continue for some time, but Dylan was about to explode onto the scene. Playing in small bars in Greenwich Village proved to be a great experience for the young Dyla n. Only 20 at the time of arriving in New York, he was able to create quite an impression almost immediately. He played regular gigs at the Cafe Wha? and would occasionally work as a session musician for Columbia. John Hammond, a record produced for Columbia Records, happened to be watching a recording ession that Dylan was part of, and recognized his talent immediately. Before discovering Dylan, Hammonds most notable signing was Billie Holliday, the singer of eery Fruit. Released in 1939, Strange Fruit was a song about racial injustice and lynch mobs in the American south, which at the time was very heavy subject material. However, the song was a great success and helped to draw attention from the north to the injustices of the south. It also showed that Hammond wasnt afraid to support controversial artists with opinions, given his support of the desegregation of the music industry.Dylan himself has described Hammond as no bull-shitter. There were maybe a thousand kings in the wo rld an he was one of them. Dylan released his first album in 1962, produced by John Hammond. The record only had two original com flummoxs, but thats what the folk scene was like at the time. The album flopped, only selling about 5000 copies, and Dylan was soon being referred to as Hammonds folly. Undeterred, Dylan soon sought out a manager, and found Albert Grossman. In Chronicles, Dylan describes his first impression of Grossman He looked like Sydney Greenstreet from the film TheMaltese Falcon, had an enormous presence, always dressed in a conventional suit and tie, and he sat at his corner table. Usually when he talked, his voice was loud like the booming of war drums. He didnt talk so much as growl. Grossman was also the man responsible for forming Peter, capital of Minnesota and Mary. They were a truly manufactured form of music, where Grossman had gone so far as to change Pauls name from Noel to Paul in order to achieve that wholesome, Bible feel. Through Grossman, Peter Paul and Mary were able to record Dylans Blowin In The Wind, achieving a 2 hit just tin can the Beatles Help , and marking Dylan as an expert songwriter for the new movement that was emerging. Dave Van Rock, a contemporary of Dylans from his village days, told Mike Marquees that the folk revitalization could be described as part and parcel of the big left turn middle-class college students were making So we owe it all to Rosa position, or more specifically, the sit-in movement that had begun with four college students in North Carolina. The movement began to gain traction as it spread to other cities, and a few weeks after the North Carolina sit-ins, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was formed.The SNCC committed itself to destroying Jim Crow through nonviolent means and action, and adopted many folk songs as freedom songs. The SNCC had a sister group in CORE, or, the Congress of Racial Equality. Founded in 1942, the group had practically collapsed in the McCarthy era, but was finding renew competency and interest by both lily-whites and blacks that wanted to take an active role in social change. One of the members was Bob Dylans girlfriend, Suze Rotolo. Rotolo booked the then unknown Dylan for a CORE gig, and wanting new material to play, he wrote The Death of Emmitt Till. Murdered in 1955 for llegedly making lewd comments to a shop proprietors wife, Till was only 14 years old. After being missing for a few days, his body was recovered from a river, weighed down by a cotton gin secured to his neck with razor wire. The men who were eventually charged were acquitted on all charges and the case remained unsolved. Tills fetch insisted that the photos of her sons body be run in the paper to show exactly how ugly the racism of the south was, that they would kill and mame a child. Though Dylan quickly derided the song as bullshit and never released it, it was a pivotal moment in his songwriting career.Dylan was born the same year as Till, as was Muhamma d Ali, who often said that Tills murder was a defining moment in his own racial consciousness. Dylans political affiliations reached their peak on high-minded 28, 1963, when he performed alongside Peter Paul and Mary, Joan Baez, and Odetta at the March on Washington. Peter Yarrow of Peter Paul and Mary said that the March on Washington was not only a moment of extreme hopefulness, it was a moment of the confirmation of the possibility of that hope becoming a reality. That was the moment of acquaintance of what people could do to change history. Everyone butDylan took part in singing Blowin In The Wind, and then he stepped up to perform two songs unacquainted(predicate) to the audience. Seemingly unable or unwilling to express himself in anyway but song, Dylan didnt speak, he began playing When The Ship Comes In. Singing about how the sun will respect/every face on the deck, Dylan shared his jaunty vision of inclusive, unqualified liberation, unfolding as the whole wide of the ma rk world is watching. The ship he sings of is likely a metaphor for what was being called The Movement. With the biblical phrasing and the egalitarian imagery, the song had a lot in common with the Dream speech that Martin LutherKing Jr would give later that day. Dylan, though obviously not African American, was Jewish, and so the message of inclusion in both the song and the speech extend to the persecutions that the Jewish people had suffered in America as well. His second song had been inspired by the assassination of Medger Evers, an labor organizer for the NAACP in Jackson, Mississippi. Evers had been shot only a few months previous, on June 12, 1963, only a few hours after President Kennedy announced plans to seek new well-behaved rights legislation. A war hero, Evers had been involved with the Emmitt Till case, and had been an instrumental figure in the NAACP.Using rap-like rhythm, Dylan sings a song simple in form but deep in content. He doesnt condemn the assassin, but ra ther, he condemns the political system that encourages the behavior of the poor uneducated masses. The song was titled Only A Pawn In Their Game, and it has been described as a searing class analysis of the southern skin privilege in America. The song begin by retelling how the man shot Evers from behind a bush, and sings But he cant be blamed, hes only a pawn in their game. The next verse, Dylan cuts directly to his point A South politician preaches to the poor white man You got more than blacks, dont complainYoure better than them, you been born with white skin they explain, Dylan attempted to demonstrate the politics of racial division in song form, on a day when everyone else was focusing on unity. The songs core message was about the persistence of racism, and the central weight of white-skin privilege in the American political system. Dylan doesnt hold the individual responsible, he holds the state responsible, and the political system that pits poor whites against poor blacks . This was the ultimate finger-pointing song. Not long after, Dylan released his 3rd album, The Times They Are A-Changin, but he had already endure isillusioned with The Movement. No sooner had he been appointed the musical conscience and spokesman of a generation than he rebelled against in. Echoing his own song lyrics showing that he, like the sons and the daughters in Times They Are A-Changin, was also beyond your command. When President Kennedy was shot in November 1963, it affected Dylan more than he would admit. The entire country was in shock, and less than a month after the shooting on Friday December 13, The Emergency Civil Liberties Committee presented Dylan with the Thomas Paine award for his work with the civil rights movement.Dylan, still only 22 at the time, was very nervous and became fairly intoxicated. When he got up to accept the award, he didnt make much of an effort to mask his patronage for the people there I havent got any guitar, I can talk though. I want to thank you for the Tom Paine award in behalf everybody that went down to Cuba. first base of all because theyre all young and its took me a long time to get young and now I consider myself young. And Im proud of it. Im proud that Im young. And I only wish that all you people who are sitting out here today or tonight werent here and I could see all kinds of faces with tomentum on their head nd everything like that, everything leading to youngness, celebrating the anniversary when we overthrew the House Un-American Activities just yesterday, Because you people should be at the beach.. Theres no black and white, left and right to me anymore theres only up and down and down is very close to the ground. And Im trying to go up without thinking about anything delusive such as politics. Essentially, the speech served as his declaration of independence from politics. Dylans assertion that he now considered himself young was further emphasized the following June when he released Another Side Of Bob Dylan.The songs on the album were a different variety than that of his previous material, especially the song My Back Pages, with its refrain of I was so much older then, Im younger than that now. This song served to boil-down his drunken babbling at the ECLC to a beautiful piece of art that explained his position in a way that people would understand. In March of 1965, Dylan released his fifth album, speech It All Back Home. It wasnt a complete departure from what he had been doing, with the album content split 50/50 between acoustic and electric arrangements, but it was a clear indication f where he was going with the music. The defining moment came when he played the Newport Folk Festival in July of that year, in what would later be referred to as the most written about performance in the history of rock. Dylan wanted to play electric instruments and asked members of the Paul Butterfield Blues Band to play with him.Together, they played three, Maggies Farm off of Brin ging It All Back Home, Like a Rolling Stone, which had just been released, and an unreleased version of It Takes a Lot Too Laugh, It Takes a Train To outcry. There was a large amount of booing, and the performance was a clear eparture from his previous two appearances at the festival, when he performed acoustic songs with Joan Baez. The irony though, was that in not wanting Dylan to change as an artist, they were actually acting like the Establishment that they were hoping to change. Their reaction to his evolution and change in direction was a desire to swan the status quo, and was actually is counterintuitive to the emerging counterculture. Over the next year, Dylan would go on to make Highway 61 Revisited and Blonde On Blonde, each with fully electric arrangements. Throughout his fifty-year career, Dylan has proven countless times that hes apable of reinvention. After starting out as a rock and roller, he turned to folk and protest music.When that lost its appeal, he went back to rock music, and by the end of the sixties he had invented folk-rock and country-rock with his albums John Wesley Harding and Nashville Skyline, respectively. His turn international from politics and the New Left movement set the precedent for the selfish behavior that would dominate late sixties and early seventies culture, and he came to be recognized as a symbol for what was, and largely still is, considered cool. The guy is so cool in act, that when President Obama presented him with The Presidential Medal Of exemption earlier this year, saying that There is not a bigger giant in the history of American music, and that the unique gravel-y power of his voice helped redefine not just what music sounded like, but the message it carried and how it made people feel, Dylan accepted the medal wearing aviator sunglasses. The significance of the President being a young black man from Chicago, where protesters chanted Dylans line The Whole World Is Watching during the 1968 riots outs ide the democratic national convention should not be overlooked.Dylans work throughout the early 60s created a legacy for the rest of the musicians and bands that would come out of the decade. Bruce Springsteen, an artist also signed by John Hammond and who was called The New Bob Dylan when he released his first album, inducted Dylan into the Rock-and-Roll Hall of Fame, saying that while Elvis freed our bodies, Bob Dylan freed our minds. Springsteen also spoke for the countless band and groups that Dylan inspired, saying without Bob, the Beatles wouldnt have made Sgt. Peppers, the Beach Boys wouldnt have made Pet Sounds, the Sex Pistols ouldnt have made God Save The baron, U2 wouldnt have done Pride In The Name Of Love, Marvin Gaye wouldnt have done Whats Goin On? , the Count Five would not have done Psychotic Reaction, and Grandmaster Flash might not have done The Message Springsteen outlines the influence that Dylan has had a wide scope of genres, but the defining characteristic that these bands have in common is that they were all willing to produce songs on touchy subjects in new, bold interesting ways. Dylan inspired these artists to look at what society was offering, and to say heres something better.

Book Review on Franklin Delano Roosevelt Essay

Franklin D. Roosevelt was the 32nd President of the United States. time being president he was trying to lead our country through a time of scotch depression and total struggle. Franklin D. Roosevelt was one of the most important leaders of the 20th century. Alan Brinkley, the author of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, wrote this biography in order to show Roosevelts life from childhood to presidency and solely the trials and tribulations that occurred. Brinkley wrote this book to be fit to show Roosevelts life from when he was born to him lead story our country through the war.Not however just showing what happened in his life but also being up to(p) to show what he had to go through and what kind of decisions he had to make when running this country. This book was a gigantic dash to inculcate an audience about Roosevelt and was in truth effective in getting the point across. Brinkley used an immense amount of sources to be able to write this book. He used anywhere from other biographies to memoirs and diaries of the people who served with Roosevelt.He was not writing this book in order to criticize what all Roosevelt did wrong, but to show the order of magnitude and importance of everything he did right, such as the reshaping of American Government to the successful leadership of the United States. The newfangled York Times wrote the day after Roosevelt died, It will honor him above all else because he had the vision to memorize clearly the supreme crisis of our times and the courage to meet that crisis boldly. Men will thank God on their knees, a hundred years from now, that Franklin D. Roosevelt was in the White House (99).This shows that not only was Franklin D. Roosevelt a great man he was also a great leader of our country. Brinkley did an amazing job with being able to show all of Roosevelts accomplishes and all the trials and tribulations he overcame during presidency and also during his life. Roosevelt was born into a very privi wooden leged family with his father James Roosevelt being extremely wealthy and his mother Sara Delano, being very wealthy herself as intumesce. He went to Groton at fourteen years old granted he gradated doing very well academically, he went his whole four years there as a lonely outsider.He entered Harvard in 1900 with a new outlook look on life and tried hard to make friends. Roosevelt represent himself being attracted to his extreme cousin Eleanor Roosevelt while attending Harvard. In 1905 he married Eleanor and they together had sixer children. Roosevelt attended Columbia Law School, although he did not meet all the requirements he passed his bar exams and started practicing honor in New York. Later, Franklin had an affair with his wifes social secretary Lucy Mercer. Eleanor discovered their relationship in 1918 by finding letters between the two of them.Roosevelt served eight years as Assistant secretarial assistant of the Navy in 1910 in New York. He was also governor of New York i n 1928 and over again in 1930. Roosevelt was paralyzed in both legs due to him having polio in 1921 ceasing him to be able to savor his favorite activities. Roosevelt would try to disguise his paralysis in public by wearing heavy leg braces to help him walk. In 1932 he was nominated for president with his opponent being Herbert Hoover. Winning the choice he promised that he would conduct the war against the depression.When winning presidency Roosevelt took on an immense amount of distort all at once. The world was in an incredible crisis due to the economy depression. Roosevelt tried and tried to steady bring back this nation, with what was called the hundred long time where he won a series of bills that began to reform the subroutine of the federal government in the workings of the economy. Roosevelt had what was called The New Deal which was a series of economic programs that pertain orders or laws passed by Congress in response to the Great Depression.Roosevelt was reelect ed in 1936 as he campaigned on his idea of a New Deal. When Roosevelt was reelected World fight II had already started. Japan had launched an invasion of Manchuria in 1922. Roosevelt began to get his country ready for war. In 1932 Hitler declared himself as the most powerful political soulfulness in Germany. By the spring of 1940 the war had spread quickly through Western Europe, with almost all of Europe being under complete Nazi control. Roosevelt had to lead our country through World War II.Rebounding from the surprise of Pearl Harbor and winning almost every victory in Europe and the Pacific. With the war and Roosevelt being paralyzed he spend most of his days in the White House. Roosevelt tried to reconnect with his distant wife and tried to have a real marriage again, but Eleanor refused and spent most of her days traveling or in her home in Duchess County. Roosevelt began seeing his long lost mistress Lucy with meetings that took take for the most part outside the White Ho use.In January of 1945 Roosevelt met with Stalin and Churchill agreeing on the postwar occupation of Germany, which was going to be divided between the three leaders. Stalin was already ready to occupy Poland and there was no way Churchill and Roosevelt could come off him. When leaving Roosevelt hoped he could come to agreement with Stalin. In April of 1945 Roosevelt went on vacation with cousins and aids in torrid Springs, Georgia. Lucy Rutherford visited with an artist to paint Roosevelt when he complained of a terrific headache he collapsed and never regained consciousness, dying some(prenominal) hours later.Brinkley was able to show Franklin D. Roosevelts life and all his trials and tribulations that he had to overcome. With everything from not making friends in college, to leading our country through World War II, this biography was a very effective way to teach an audience about Franklin D. Roosevelt and how great of a leader he was. Roosevelt was criticized for some of his decisions, but this biography was able to show how many important decisions he made and how great of a president he was.