Ergonomic Factors in Workplace Accidents

Ergonomic Factors in Workplace AccidentsCritically evaluate the ergonomic figures that may lead to incidents or accidents in the bleedplace environment. You should suck summon to relevant examples where appropriate. It is essential that you research the current scientific literature on this subject and that you use this literature to realize your critical discussion throughout. intromission biotech (Ahonen, M., Launis, M., Kuorinka, T.,1989) is a branch of locomotive engineering science, it accords the factors such as concourses psychology, throngs physiology, and dead body structure to formula the overturn tools, machines, households accessories, and so on, in sanctify to guarantee peoples security, work healthily, comfortably, and satisfied functional results. biotechnology has absorbed the great knowledge contents of natural science and social scienceDuring conception War II, because of the production of miscellaneous modern weapons, designers must consider the drug exploiters physiology and mental quality conscientiously, and study how to make the machine in conformity with peoples business leader limit and characteristic, thus the ergonomics has produced. Today, the ergonomics designs atomic number 18 widely utilize in the world (Alexander, D., Rabourn, R., 2001).In the study of ergonomics, the coat of all part of gracious body, the souls vision and normal physiological value of the comprehend of hearing, the strong suit when people are running(a), humankind scope of activities, movement euphony and speed, the brawn intensity, all are recorded (Bailey, R. W., 1989). Since those labor condition would causes the tire, fatigue, handsome amount damage to human body. Further much, the workplace environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, sound, vibration, illumination, color, smell of the environment are in addition a study body politic in ergonomics. Because those environmental conditions also causes the tire , fatigue, small amount damage to human body (Chengalur, S.N., Rodgers, S.H., Bernard, T.E., 2003).The study on peoples working behavior and produce various factors of the behavioral difference in ergonomic these factors stool be pinched together. It includes subjective factors such as age, gender, in the flesh(predicate) intelligence, culture engineering level, working interest and working motive, personality characteristic, working mood, etc. At the alike(p) magazine, the Ergonomics expert/researcher also study the social factor of living in objective factors such as the environment, equipment performance, condition of work, etc. These factors make peoples has a difference to the intensity of adaptation to various hand tools, fixture, machine, or equipment (Eastman Kodak Company, 2003). .Ergonomic Related InjuryErgonomic injuries include repetitious Motion Injuries (RMIs), Repetitive show Injuries (RSIs), Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs), Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs), or Cumulative Trauma Injuries (CTIs) (Armstrong, T. J., Kilbom, A., Violante, F. , 2000) (Arndt, R., Putz-Anderson, V. , 2002).The Ergonomic injuries (Hancock, P. A., Desmond, P. A., 2000). normally caused by the presence of ergonomic related risk factors (Aghazadeh, F.,1994), they areVibration People uses impact tools or vibrating equipment.Awkward Body Postures maintaining awkward or fixed or posture without any support such as twisting, reaching, or bending.Repetition the people doing the same and repetitive motions for a long time.Force The pressure utilise to any part of human body small-arm working such as gripping a hand tool, pulling, lifting, or pushing, pulling.Contact Stress pressure applied to any gentle tissues of human body maculation working such as the as the wrist pressed by sharp edges or hand tools.Exposure to heat or cuttingIt is often these risk factors over time peck lead to combinations of pain, daub and disability when people may cause smirch, sus tained motion-picture show to ergonomic risk factors (Alston, G. (2003).Single event may place a dysphoric body tissues, but the exposure is too low bruises. Over time, the soft tissue or human body has the ability to recover. Repeated exposure to these risk factors, it may interfere with the bodys normal healing process, resulting in a disproportionate response, and lead to cause harm to humans (Alli, B. O., 2001).Ergonomic stain or MSD can affect the vims, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, machinetilage and intervertebral discs. They can be directly or indirectly related to job duties or work environment. Non- work activities and the environment will also affect the MSD. For example, the general cater may spend 6-8 hours a days ready reckoner work. With features such as online shopping, paying bills online, and sends the emails. The employee may spend 2-4 hours daily supplement his or her personal estimator for sending and receiving e-mail. When the steps we spend more a nd more time each day on the information processing system , we have taken to insure that our computing devices ( both in work and at home ) is set up to prevent these musculoskeletal disorders is imperative (Ayoub, M. M., Mital, A.,1989).Ergonomics is in already victimization various products, facility and production system of rules extensively in the mechanical industry (Auburn Engineers, 1993). For example, driving car is an integration of people machine environmental system, driver should first find out about environment (rate of traffic flow, stream of people, traffic light, and sign) and status of car such as speed, engine temperature, pressure, oil level, etc. The driver has interaction with car control system for perfect driving.In addition to make the driver drive car with safe and halcyon, driver should adjust drivers seat. Furthermore, the vehicle designer should keep up the human measurements, physiology, psychological characteristics while designing the car. 3. Example of Improvement of Screw driver Design in Accordance with Ergonomics RuleScrewdriver is one of the about frequently used hand tools now, no matter is nearly inborn tool in the factory or family, but when a person use screwdrivers, its main purpose may be to fasten into and back-out the screw, the provision involves the repetitiveness work of the hand, it crook back of especially wrist (Backs, R. W., Boucsein, W., 2000), thread crooking etc. The People/workers frequently use of screwdriver is easily to cause the accumulating muscle skeleton injuring or hand injury such as carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).For general screwdriver, it is a combination of a clutches, a shaft, and a tip. The tip can be inserted into the head of the screw to fasten it into or back-out from a board, or wall. omen 1. Screwdriver Design Before ImprovementFigure 2. Screwdriver Design After serviceAccording to ergonomics, the new screwdriver design make the shaft with more greatly spraining stren gth, and then let drug user rule palmy to hold the screwdriver and efficiency in use (Bahr, N. J., 1997) (Campbell, A., 2000).The ergonomics design includes the change of materials of treat. Use rubbery material to replace hard elastic or metal. The soft rubbery material cans strong friction between the handle of screwdriver and hand to prevent the slip whiles the use.The size and shape of handle should also be changed. In accordance with ergonomics, the size and shape of handle should fit the human wrist. It makes the people easily to hold the screwdriver with more comfortable and less fatigue (Green, J., 1997).The result of modification of screwdriver designs (based on ergonomic rules) is(1)Increase the comfort when screwdrivers are held.(2)Flexibility degree, efficiency and torsion increasing while the use of screwdriver.(3)Reduce the prospect of accumulating injury of the hand.4. Example of Improvement of Computer Desk in Accordance with Ergonomics RuleAccording to the l iterature, there are a considerable turn of computer operators complain about the long-term use of computer generated body discomfort,Including eye irritation affected eye feel pressure, keyboard or desk line of longitude not suitable for the operator and cause limbs stiff, these can lead to injury or damage to persons of the body, not that affect their health, but also reduce the work efficiency (Hanna, S. R., Konz, S., 2004).In accordance with ergonomics rules (Barling, J., Frone, M. R., 2004), computer desk should be designed to have a tilt cant, it allowing users to use the computer in the long term (Haas, E., Edworthy, J., 2003), and feel more comfortable in sitting job. The improved design also increases the work efficiency, but user doesnt feel more burden or fatigue.In addition, the line of longitude and bung of backcloth computer desk, with vertex and angle of dis laugher plan can also be adjustable to fit the body size of user (Anshel, J., 2005). Easy adjustable desktop computer desk, it allows users to feel more comfortable with less fatigue while the use of desk top computer (Grandjean, E., 1992).Source http//www.cbs.state.or.us/osha/pdf/ergo/ergoadvantages.pdfFigure 3. Comfortable Setting of Computer DeskThe return of desk top computer desk design in accordance with ergonomics rules can benefits users as follows(1) The user can easily adjust the height and angle of desktop computer desk, it make user more comfortable while use of desktop computer.(2) The improvement of desktop computer desk design can reduce the burden/fatigue on the user shoulders, neck, and other move of the elbow while long-term use of desktop computer.(3) The improvement of desktop computer desk design can reduce the eye fatigue while user long-term faced the monitor.5. Example of Improvement of the Use of take-away Computer/Note Book Computer in Accordance with Ergonomics Ruleportable application of computer (Note Book Computer) is already quite a popular as de sk top computer, especially air handwriting computer is easy to carry and place on the office table and play as desk top computer. More companies encourage the employee to use of note take for computer instead of traditional desk top computer. But, based on the characteristic of the takeout computer/note book computer in the design, for example, the keyboard and try cannot separated from the computer, the user is often difficult to keep the good working posture while working. In long-term cases, it may cause muscle and bones straining or other relevant health problems. The improvement for the use of note book computer is needed.User or employee should follow the principles as much as possible while using the portable computer to workPlace the try out in front of the userKeeping the height of back is the same as users sight height as much as possible (Anshel, J., 1998), or the screen is only lower than user sight height slightly (portable computer/note book computer normally p laced on desk and then the screen being higher than the level of the tabletop)User should takes distance of 350-600 millimeters to the screen of portable computer/note book computer (display screen of 14 inches relatively takes distance of 400 millimeters)User can easily change the vend of screen and then cater to the users needUser should avoid think the screen near window or other light sourcesThe textbook size should be large, word distance and row spacing should be enough.Use the wrist or mouse cushionPlatform for Portable Computer/Note Book Computer shelf /platformThe employer should provide platform or screen support frame for note book computer user. This can help user to adjust the height of screen at users sight level.External keyboard and mouseThe employer should provide ergonomics compatible foreign keyboard and mouse to note book computer user. It makes user, more comfortable and less fatigue (Jacko, J. A., Sears, A., 2003).Under many circumstances, external keyboa rd and mouse are the important accessories for portable computers user in the office. The following are suggestions of the external keyboardThe keyboard is thinner as much as possible, it is much better if the angle of keyboard can be adjusted in order to facilitate the user under different working conditions and postures (Vink, P., 2005)Word and symbol on the keyboard should be known and easy to recognizeThere are enough spaces that offered support for hand in front of the keyboard.